manual computation meaning in English

笔算
手算

The current approaches including code methods to calculate stress losses due to anchorage set exist several shortcoming , such as unsuitable to different profiles of tendons or very complicated to compute due to sectional analysis . based on classical theory of friction when tendons are stretched in post - tensioned concrete members , the unified method to calculate the stress losses in tendons due to anchorage set while considering the affection of reverse friction has been established , these formulae are suitable to be used in computer ; also approximate formulae are produced which are suitable to manual computation , they are easy to be applied in research or design
针对目前预应力钢筋锚固时钢筋回缩引起的预应力损失计算方法中存在的问题，建立了考虑反摩阻影响的后张法预应力混凝土桥梁锚固损失的统一计算式，适用于任意形状的预应力钢筋和单、双端张拉的情形；给出了适于机算的理论公式和适于手算的近似计算式，可方便地应用于研究和工程实践。